THREE KEY STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE LOGISTICS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GREEN, REVERSE, AND LEAN LOGISTICS
Keywords:
Sustainable logistics, Green logistics, Reverse logistics, Lean logistics
Imeda Paksadze
E-mail: i.paksadze@bnu.edu.ge
Assistant Professor, Batumi Navigation University
Batumi, Georgia
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-9308
Abstract: The logistics sector, in the current world represents one of the main keystone of global trade, However, emerging environmental challenges and resource scarcity, for the sector, it has become vital to develop sustainable solutions. It is crucial to mention that the concept of sustainability is not oriented solely on ecological issues. It also involves economic efficiency, social responsibility, and environmental balance which makes it a complex strategy. in this context, sustainable logistics is to minimize the environmental impact of logistics processes, and efficient waste management. Considering the above mentioned, the main purpose of this article is to distinguish in detail the three central strategies, which is used to ensure sustainability in the field of logistics: green logistics, reverse logistics, and lean logistics. Green logistics refers to environmentally friendly and efficient transport, packaging and storage processes management practices in the product manufacturing with minimal environmental damage. Reverse logistics refers to the processes of reusing and recycling used or defective products in production. Lean Logistics Concentrates eliminating decline and rising effectively at all stages of the supply chain. Given strategies, separately and in an integrated manner, make a significant contribution to the formation of sustainable logistics systems. As a result, it is possible to both reduce tension on the environment and boost the competitiveness of business activities and optimize costs. Therefore, sustainable logistics is considered one of the main route in the development of modern logistics.
Keywords: Sustainable logistics, Green logistics, Reverse logistics, Lean logistics
JEL classification: Q56
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References
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Aldakhil, A.M., Nassani, A.A., Awan, U., Abro, M.M.Q ve Zaman, K. (2018), Determinants of Green Logistics in BRICS Countries: An Integrated Supply Chain Model for Green Business, Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 861-868.
Alshamsi, A., & Diabat, A. (2015). A reverse logistics network design. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37, 589-598.
Azevedo, S. G., Carvalho, H., Duarte, S., & Cruz-Machado, V. (2012). Influence of green and lean upstream supply chain management practices on business sustainability. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 59(4), 753-765.
Bajdor, P. (2012). Comparison between sustainable development concept and Green Logistics: The literature review. Polish journal of management studies, 5, 225-233.
Banihashemi, T. A., Fei, J., & Chen, P. S. L. (2019). Exploring the relationship between reverse logistics and sustainability performance: A literature review. Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications, 1(1), 2-27.
Baro, M., Piña, M., & Valdiviezo, J. (2025). A Comparison of Lean Logistics vs Traditional Logistics is Warranted. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 27(4), 361-367.
Bing, X., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J. M., & Van der Vorst, J. G. (2014). Sustainable reverse logistics network design for household plastic waste. Flexible services and manufacturing journal, 26, 119-142.
Blanco, E. E., & Sheffi, Y. (2024). Green logistics. In Sustainable supply chains: A research-based textbook on operations and strategy (pp. 101-141). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Boichuk, N., & Kauf, S. (2019). Sustainable logistics: a framework for green city logistics–examples of Polish cities. In Conference Proceedings of the 9th Carpathian Logistics Congress‐CLC 2019 (pp. 2-4).
Budak, A. (2020). Sustainable reverse logistics optimization with triple bottom line approach: An integration of disassembly line balancing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122475.
Cil, I., Demir, H. I., & Yaman, B. (2020). Lean logistics in the 2020s and a cast study about logistics and supply chain management in Toyota Boshoku Turkey. In Global perspectives on green business administration and sustainable supply chain management (pp. 276-315). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Dabees, A., Barakat, M., Elbarky, S. S., & Lisec, A. (2023). A framework for adopting a sustainable reverse logistics service quality for reverse logistics service providers: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 15(3), 1755.
Dey, P. K., Malesios, C., De, D., Chowdhury, S., & Abdelaziz, F. B. (2019). Could lean practices and process innovation enhance supply chain sustainability of small and medium‐sized enterprises?. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(4), 582-598.
Dzwigol, H., Trushkina, N., & Kwilinski, A. (2021). Green logistics as a sustainable development concept of logistics systems in a circular economy (Doctoral dissertation, Proceedings of the 37th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA)).
Edirisuriya, A., Weerabahu, S., & Wickramarachchi, R. (2018). Applicability of lean and green concepts in Logistics 4.0: a systematic review of literature. In 2018 International Conference on Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
Erdal, N. (2024). Lean Logistics, Lean Supply Chain, And Lean Supply Chain Management For Sustainability: WOS (1987-2024). Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 9(2), 365-379.
Garg, A., & Vemaraju, S. (2025). Green Logistics Management Effect on Sustainable Logistics Performance. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences| Volume, 7 (02).
Gargalo, C. L., Pereda Pons, E., Barbosa-Povoa, A. P., & Carvalho, A. (2021). A lean approach to developing sustainable supply chains. Sustainability, 13(7), 3714.
Glover, W., Farris, J., Van Aken, E., & Doolen, T. (2013). Kaizen event result Sustainability for lean enterprise transformation. Journal of Enterprise Transformation, 3(3), 136-160.
Gülmez, Y. S., & Rad, S. T. (2017). Green logistics for sustainability. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 13(3), 603-614.
Hoang, T. H., Tran, T. T., Huynh, L. N. T., Vo, D. K., Huynh, B. G., Tran, T. M. T., & Le Nguyen, N. D. (2025). Advances and barriers in promoting green logistics 4.0 from a multi-stakeholder perspective–a systematic review. Environment Systems and Decisions, 45(2), 14.
Ivanova, U. (2025). Enhancing Last-Mile Delivery Efficiency: a Lean-Based Framework for Sustainable Logistics in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
Kumar, A. (2015). Green Logistics for sustainable development: an analytical review. IOSRD International Journal of Business, 1(1), 7-13.
Lai, K.H. & Wong, C.W., (2012), Green Logistics Management and Performance: Some Empirical Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Exporters, Omega, 40, 267-282.
Lambrechts, W., Son-Turan, S., Reis, L., & Semeijn, J. (2019). Lean, green and clean? Sustainability reporting in the logistics sector. Logistics, 3(1), 3.
Lee, C. K. M., & Lam, J. S. L. (2012). Managing reverse logistics to enhance sustainability of industrial marketing. Industrial marketing management, 41(4), 589-598.
Mariano, E. B., Gobbo Jr, J. A., De Castro Camioto, F. ve Nascimento Rebelatto, D. A., (2017). CO2 Emissions and Logistics Performance: A Composite Index Proposal, Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, 166-178.
Masudin, I., Fernanda, F. W., Jie, F., & Restuputri, D. P. (2021). A review of sustainable reverse logistics: approaches and applications. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 40(2), 171-192.
Melo, A. C. S., Braga, A. E., Leite, C. D. P., Bastos, L. D. S. L., & Nunes, D. R. D. L. (2021). Frameworks for reverse logistics and sustainable design integration under a sustainability perspective: a systematic literature review. Research in Engineering Design, 32, 225-243.
Mete, E. (2020). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Kapsamında Yeşil Lojistik: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye Örneği. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(23), 383-396.
Millet, D. (2011). Designing a sustainable reverse logistics channel: the 18 generic structures framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(6-7), 588-597.
Mücevher, M. H. (2021). Sürdürülebilir Lojistik İçin Üç Öncelikli Strateji: Yeşil Lojistik, Tersine Lojistik ve Yalın Lojistik. Enderun, 5(1), 39-54.
Nicoletti, B., & Appolloni, A. (2024). Green Logistics 5.0: a review of sustainability-oriented innovation with foundation models in logistics. European Journal of Innovation Management, 27(9), 542-561.
Nikseresht, A., Golmohammadi, D., & Zandieh, M. (2024). Sustainable green logistics and remanufacturing: a bibliometric analysis and future research directions. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(3), 755-803.
Oliveira, M. A. D., Silva, M. H. D. P. E., Junior, O. H. B., Mendes, J. V., & Santa-Eulalia, L. A. D. (2025). Reverse logistics sustainability performance: from a systematic review to an assessment framework. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 50(3), 334-360.
Pejić, V., Lerher, T., Jereb, B., & Lisec, A. (2016). Lean and green paradigms in logistics: review of published research. Promet-Traffic&Transportation, 28(6), 593-603.
Peña-Montoya, C. C., Bouzon, M., Torres-Lozada, P., & Vidal-Holguin, C. J. (2020). Assessment of maturity of reverse logistics as a strategy to sustainable solid waste management. Waste Management & Research, 38(1_suppl), 65-76.
Perkumienė, D., Pranskūnienė, R., Vienažindienė, M., & Grigienė, J. (2020). The right to a clean environment: Considering green logistics and sustainable tourism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3254.
Piercy, N., & Rich, N. (2015). The relationship between lean operations and sustainable operations. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 35(2), 282-315.
Pourmehdi, M., Paydar, M. M., Ghadimi, P., & Azadnia, A. H. (2022). Analysis and evaluation of challenges in the integration of Industry 4.0 and sustainable steel reverse logistics network. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 163, 107808.
Rakhmangulov, A., Sladkowski, A., Osintsev, N., & Muravev, D. (2017). Green logistics: Element of the sustainable development concept. Part 1. NAŠE MORE: znanstveni časopis za more i pomorstvo, 64(3), 120-126.
Ramos, T. R. P., Gomes, M. I., & Barbosa-Póvoa, A. P. (2014). Planning a sustainable reverse logistics system: Balancing costs with environmental and social concerns. Omega, 48, 60-74.
Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C. ve Slack, B. (2006). The Geography of Transport Systems, New York, Routledge.
Rodrigues, A. L. V., Gomes, G., & Bouzon, M. (2023). Lean Logistics 4.0: concepts and key performance indicators. Brazilian Journal of Development, 9(7), 22172-22197.
Rodrigues, S. P., Gomes, L. D. C., Peres, F. A. P., Correa, R. G. D. F., & Baierle, I. C. (2025). A Framework for Leveraging Digital Technologies in Reverse Logistics Actions: A Systematic Literature Review. Logistics, 9(2), 54.
Rodríguez Cornejo, V., Cervera Paz, Á., López Molina, L., & Pérez-Fernández, V. (2020). Lean thinking to foster the transition from traditional logistics to the physical internet. Sustainability, 12(15), 6053.
Rogers, D. S., Melamed, B., & Lembke, R. S. (2012). Modeling and analysis of reverse logistics. Journal of Business Logistics, 33(2), 107-117.
Ruiz-Benitez, R., López, C., & Real, J. C. (2019). Achieving sustainability through the lean and resilient management of the supply chain. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 49(2), 122-155.
Salas-Navarro, K., Castro-García, L., Assan-Barrios, K., Vergara-Bujato, K., & Zamora-Musa, R. (2024). Reverse Logistics and Sustainability: A Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 16(13), 5279.
Sanchez Rodrigues, V., & Kumar, M. (2019). Synergies and misalignments in lean and green practices: a logistics industry perspective. Production Planning & Control, 30(5-6), 369-384.
Sarkis, J., Helms, M. M., & Hervani, A. A. (2010). Reverse logistics and social sustainability. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 17(6), 337-354.
Seroka-Stolka, O. (2014). The development of green logistics for implementation sustainable development strategy in companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 151, 302-309.
Seroka-Stolka, O., & Ociepa-Kubicka, A. (2019). Green logistics and circular economy. Transportation Research Procedia, 39, 471-479.
Sopadang, A., & Wichaisri, S. (2021). The role of lean sustainable logistics in business operations. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 39(1), 111-126.
Sopadang, A., Wichaisri, S., & Sekhari, A. (2014). The conceptual framework of lean sustainable logistics. In Materiały z konferencji,„International Conference on Transportation and Logistics.
Sun, X., Yu, H., & Solvang, W. D. (2022). Towards the smart and sustainable transformation of Reverse Logistics 4.0: A conceptualization and research agenda. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(46), 69275-69293.
Fettahlıoğlu, H. S., & Birin, C. (2016). Sürdürülebilirlik Açısından Tersine Lojistik Faaliyetlerini ve Sürdürülebilir Pazarlamayı Etkileyen Faktörlerin Analitik Hiyerarşi Yöntemi ile Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 89-114.
Tenescu, A., & Teodorescu, M. (2014). Lean Manufacturing: a concept towards a sustainable management. Communications in Applied Sciences, 2 (1).
Vasiliauska, A., Zmkeviciüté, V. ve Simonyte, E. (2013). Implementation Of The Concept Of Green Logistics Reffering To It Applications For Road Freight Transport Enterprises, Verslas: Teorıja ır Praktika Business: Theory and Practice, 14(1): 43-50.
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Published
2025-12-15
Section
Articles
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