Innovative economics and management

THE IMPACT OF DIGITISATION ON IFRS: APPROACHES TO ACCOUNTING FOR STABLECOINS AS DIGITAL ASSETS

Svetlana Drobyazko, Besik Bauchadze — Sat, 06 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Svetlana Drobyazko

E-mail:svetlana.drobyazko@yahoo.com

Professor, European Academy of Sciences Ltd

London, United Kingdom

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-0126

Besik Bauchadze

E-mail: besik.bauchadze@bsu.edu.ge

Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0657-9039

Abstract: Stablecoins, as a hybrid form of digital asset, challenge traditional IFRS principles by operating at the intersection of financial instruments, intangible assets, and cash regulation. This article systematises potential approaches to accounting for stable coins under IFRS and analyses the impact of the digital transformation on the evolution of the standards. Digitization is undermining established concepts of “cash”, “financial asset”, and “intangible asset”, which constitutes the core issue of this paper. The methodology is based on an analysis of classification uncertainties and a forecast of potential directions for the development of the regulatory framework. In conclusion, the paper justifies the necessity for developing a separate standard or interpretation that considers the specifics of stablecoin collateral and circulation. This is crucial for ensuring the reliability and comparability of financial statements within the digital economy.

Keywords: IFRS, stablecoins, digital asset accounting, asset classification, digital economy, financial instruments, cash.

JEL classification: M41, G32, G23,033

THREE KEY STRATEGIES OF SUSTAINABLE LOGISTICS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GREEN, REVERSE, AND LEAN LOGISTICS

Imeda Paksadze — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Imeda Paksadze

E-mail: i.paksadze@bnu.edu.ge

Assistant Professor, Batumi Navigation University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-9308

Abstract: The logistics sector, in the current world represents one of the main keystone of global trade, However, emerging environmental challenges and resource scarcity, for the sector, it has become vital to develop sustainable solutions. It is crucial to mention that the concept of sustainability is not oriented solely on ecological issues. It also involves economic efficiency, social responsibility, and environmental balance which makes it a complex strategy. in this context, sustainable logistics is to minimize the environmental impact of logistics processes, and efficient waste management. Considering the above mentioned, the main purpose of this article is to distinguish in detail the three central strategies, which is used to ensure sustainability in the field of logistics: green logistics, reverse logistics, and lean logistics. Green logistics refers to environmentally friendly and efficient transport, packaging and storage processes management practices in the product manufacturing with minimal environmental damage. Reverse logistics refers to the processes of reusing and recycling used or defective products in production. Lean Logistics Concentrates eliminating decline and rising effectively at all stages of the supply chain. Given strategies, separately and in an integrated manner, make a significant contribution to the formation of sustainable logistics systems. As a result, it is possible to both reduce tension on the environment and boost the competitiveness of business activities and optimize costs. Therefore, sustainable logistics is considered one of the main route in the development of modern logistics.

Keywords: Sustainable logistics, Green logistics, Reverse logistics, Lean logistics

JEL classification: Q56

ENHANCING THE SCHOOL’S PEDAGOGICAL CLIMATE AS A KEY FACTOR IN PREVENTING TEACHER PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT

Shorena Meskhidze — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Shorena Meskhidze

E-mail: shorena.meskhidze@bsu.edu.ge

Assistant, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State Universiti

Georgia, Batumi

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9801-5347

Abstract: The primary concern of any development-oriented state is to improve the quality of education. A positive pedagogical climate contributes to the creation of a favorable learning environment, which has a positive effect on student learning. Also, a positive school culture can mitigate the risk of teacher burnout. In the modern civilized world, many things are changing in the field of education every day: standards, methods, technology are improving, the role of the teacher is of paramount importance and his duties are increasing even more. The progress and development of the country largely depends on the knowledge, high qualifications, and professional skills of the teacher. In this regard, caring for teachers is of paramount importance for creating a healthy pedagogical environment in schools. The aim of the study is to find optimal ways to improve the pedagogical climate of the school and to study and analyze important factors for preventing professional burnout and, based on the results of the study, to develop specific recommendations. The teaching profession requires a high level of intellectual, physical, and emotional resources.

Teachers are required to manage a variety of situations every day. This does not only apply to lesson planning and preparation. They must also be able to solve student behavior problems, teach students with special needs, communicate with parents, collaborate with colleagues, evaluate and record assignments, observe the order established by the administration and the state, and fulfill rules and requirements. Because of this, teachers often become exhausted, they leave teaching or continue ineffective teaching. Teachers have many obligations. Time shortage is an international trend in teaching, and not only in the teaching profession. Numerous and complex requirements from the administration, constant reforms and changes take up a lot of time from teachers, which is a well-known risk factor.

Keywords: school pedagogical climate, teacher, education, professional burnout.

JEL classification: I260, I290

IGNORING OTHERS IN FAVOR OF THE PHONE: DEVELOPING A GEORGIAN VERSION OF THE “PHUBING” BEHAVIOR MEASUREMENT SCALE

Ana Zubashvili , Elene Chomakhidze — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Ana Zubashvili

E-mail: ana.zubashvili827@pes.tsu.edu.ge

Master of Clinical Psychology, PhD student at I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Tbilisi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7045-2859

Elene Chomakhidze

E-mail: chomakhidze.elene@gmail.com

Associate Professor, Sukhumi State University

Tbilisi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8196-6701

Abstract: The development of digital technology has brought humanity numerous benefits, but numerous studies conducted over the past three decades have shown that excessive, uncontrolled use of these technologies has led to a number of negative consequences. The widespread adoption of multifunctional mobile phones, which are always accessible and provide constant connectivity, has irreversibly changed the way people communicate and created the basis for the development of a new type of problematic behavior known as "phubbing": today, ignoring others due to distraction by a mobile phone has become an almost common occurrence in our daily lives. This behavior has attracted the attention of psychologists worldwide, and numerous studies have been conducted abroad. It has been empirically proven that phubbing negatively impacts interpersonal relationships and has a number of negative consequences. Intensive research is underway to study the perception, impact, and negative consequences of phubbing (for adults and adolescents, including parents and children, romantic couples, and relationships between bosses and subordinates), as well as the factors influencing it. However, not a single publication on this topic has been found in the Georgian literature. The aim of this study was to draw the attention of Georgian researchers to this phenomenon and to develop a Georgian version of the Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas phubbing scale. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 662 participants, including 78% women, with an average age of 24.2 ± 8 years. The factor structure of the questionnaire was tested using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. It was confirmed that, like the original, the Georgian version is a valid and reliable assessment instrument with good psychometric properties. It can be used among young people for both research and psychological counseling. We hope that the availability of an appropriate measurement instrument will facilitate the study of this phenomenon in the Georgian context.

Keywords: Phubbing, a Georgian version of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP), Measurement, Development, Validation

JEL classification: I31

INTERNAL MARKETING AS A NEW APPROACH TO CONTEMPORARY HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: AN APPLIED STUDY ON ITS USE IN THE SERVICE SECTOR IN ALGERIA

Mourad Kouihal , Sourour Lamara — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Mourad Kouihal

E-mail: mourad.kouihal18@gmail.com

Adjunct Professor at the Department of Commercial Sciences Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia University

Jijel, Algeria

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9257-2813

Sourour Lamara

E-mail:sourour.lamara@univ-jijel.dz

Lecturer B at the Department of Management Sciences Mohamed Seddik Ben Yahia University

Jijel, Algeria

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6778-4394

Abstract: This research focused on internal marketing as a modern approach in human resource management while analyzing its functional relationship with human resource management. The integration of these two concepts leads to improvements in organizational performance and better talent attraction.

The study intended to analyze how internal marketing practices are actually implemented in Algeria's service sector through its main components including employee selection and training together with motivation and delegation of authority and dissemination of marketing information.

The study created a questionnaire which was randomly sent to 70 service sector employees to gather information. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) analyzed the data to test the main and sub-hypotheses of the research.

The study found that Algerian service institutions implement internal marketing at a high level but training stands out as the most essential internal marketing practice based on responses. The results demonstrated that Algerian service institutions do not prioritize the delegation of authority to a significant degree.

Keywords: Employee Selection; Training; Motivation; Delegation of Authority; Dissemination of Marketing Information.

JEL classification: M51, M53, M54, M12, M31.

INCOME TAX AS A FISCAL INSTRUMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Vazha Verulidze , Ekaterine Shainidze — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Vazha Verulidze

E-mail: vazha.verulidze@bsu.edu.ge

Professor,Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Georgia, Batumi

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-8955

Ekaterine Shainidze

E-mail: ekaterine.shainidze@bsu.edu.ge

Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Georgia, Batumi

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3612-1790

Abstract: Income tax is one of the important sources of the formation of the country's budget revenues. In Georgia, the most significant part of the state budget revenues (approximately 28%) is mobilized through this tax. In addition, it creates approximately 85% of the budget revenues of the autonomous republic. The fiscal forecast in relation to income tax is always fulfilled, therefore, it is a stable source of revenue for the country's budget.

Income tax is an important fiscal instrument in Georgia, however, in the context of the Association Agreement signed with the European Union, it is also important to study its impact on the social environment, since in most of the European Union countries, income tax is progressive, there is a tax-free minimum and the tax burden is different for high and low income employed persons. Therefore, in this regard, the following circumstances should be taken into account using the example of Georgia:

- The proportional income tax rate places highincome and lowincome taxpayers under an unequal tax burden;

- In order to avoid the high tax burden, lowincome taxpayers resort to employment without registering as taxpayers and contribute to the growth of the shadow economy;

- Funds mobilized in the form of income tax participate in the financing of important state programs in the areas of education, healthcare and social protection, thereby having a positive impact on the social situation of the population.

Thus, the current income tax mechanism in Georgia increases social inequality, stimulates low-income groups of the population to hide their income and, accordingly, avoid paying taxes, which somewhat limits the possibility of increasing the positive impact of this tax on the social environment.

It is important to develop an effective tax policy in order to ensure the positive impact of income tax on the social environment.

Keywords: income tax, fiscal instrument, social environment.

JEL classification: H2, H3, K34, E62.

BENCHMARKING IN THE MODERN WORLD-TRENDS IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY MARKET IN GEORGIA

Anano Shanidze, Giorgi Tsulaia, Nanuli Makharadze — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Anano Shanidze

E-mail: ms.ananoshanidze@gmail.com

PHD student of Business Administration Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6184-4402

Giorgi Tsulaia

E-mail: mr.georgitsulaia@gmail.com

PHD student of Business Administration Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9600-4565

Nanuli Makharadze

E-mail: maxaradze.nanuli@bsu.edu.ge

Associate Professor, Batumi, Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-0052

Abstract: For the purpose of using benchmarking in the hotel industry market, the article discusses the current situation in Europe and Asia and trends in the Georgian market.

Benchmarking is an important tool in hotel management, which includes not only the analysis of operational processes, but also the consideration of customer behavior and requirements. The research process focused on the challenges of implementing benchmarking, the problems of the Georgian hotel industry and their adaptation to international markets. Using statistical analysis and synthesis methods of the research, the main trends were revealed, which determines the justification of the use of benchmarking in such a rapidly developing market as Georgia.

The hotel industry is particularly sensitive to the impact of benchmarking, as this sector must constantly respond to growing customer expectations and global competition. In addition, benchmarking plays an important role in increasing competitiveness. Hotels can study the services of competitors, compare their cost and efficiency, which will help them develop innovative strategies. In some cases, the use of benchmarking will allow them to implement personalized services that will become the basis for increasing customer satisfaction.

Georgia's hotel industry, which is actively developing, will be able to establish itself in the global market with the help of benchmarking and improve the quality of Service.

Keywords: benchmarking, hotel industry, market, adaptation, customer, competitiveness.

JEL classification: M10, M31, Z32

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS IN POVERTY REDUCTION

Darejan Chkhubadze — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Darejan Chkhubadze

E-mail:darejan.chkhubadze@bsu.edu.ge

Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3457-2064

Abstract: Relevance of research: overty is a global problem in the world, in terms of social inequality, we do not have a favorable situation in Georgia either, the middle class does not exist, or it is small. The socio-economic environment in the country (unemployment, negative socio-economic outcomes) requires a new vision of the essence, purpose and role of social programs focused on overcoming poverty, therefore, researching the issue of poverty with regard to social assistance programs is very relevant, both from a theoretical and practical point of view.

The study's objective: he purpose of the study is to investigate the role of social assistance programs in overcoming poverty among the population, as well as to determine future prospects.

Research objectives: Based on the purpose of the research, the main objectives and hypotheses of the research can be formulated as follows: 1. Analysis of modern trends in poverty; 2. Study of theoretical aspects of research on social assistance programs. 3. Assessment of the role of social assistance programs in poverty reduction and in the context of the country's economic development.

Object and subject of the research: The object of the research is poverty among the population of Georgia, and the subject of the research is specifically state programs aimed at overcoming poverty.

Methodology/approach: The methodological basis of the work is economic science research. The work uses Georgian and foreign scientific articles, papers and studies. The material used in the study is based on data from the National Statistics Service. Qualitative and statistical methods were used in the study. This study is mainly based on information collection, comparison, evaluation and analysis.

Practical value/results: the results and conclusions of the research can be used in higher education institutions as a guide material, and it will significantly help various institutions in working out the adequate issues of defining and realizing the country's economic development course.

Keywords: Poverty, Social protection, Social assistance programs, Welfare state model

JEL classification: H750

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART TOURISM

Giuli Giguashvili, Mariam Sadagashvili — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Giuli Giguashvili

E-mail: giuligiguashvili@gu.edu.ge

Professor, Gori State University

Gori, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5657-7544

Mariam Sadagashvili

E-mail:marisadagashvili24@gmail.com

Third year student of the Bachelor's Educational Program in Economics Gori State University

Gori, Georgia

Abstract: Tourism is one of the most dynamic and rapidly growing sectors of the global economy. According to the World Travel & Tourism Council’s (WTTC) 2025 Economic Impact Research (EIR), travel and tourism are expected to contribute 11.7 trillion USD to the global economy this year, accounting for 10.3% of global GDP. WTTC’s forecast for 2035 is even more impressive - revenues from tourism are projected to reach $16.5 trillion, accounting for 11.5% of global GDP.

In modern conditions, a key determinant of the competitiveness and sustainability of the tourism sector is the effective integration of digital technologies. In recent years, the concept of “smart tourism” has attracted particular attention, referring to data-driven, innovation-oriented, and technology-enabled management that enhances personalized user experiences and optimizes services. Within this process, artificial intelligence (AI) plays a central role, with its capabilities significantly reshaping the future development of the tourism industry.

This research paper examines current challenges in the tourism sector, analyzes the role of artificial intelligence within the framework of smart tourism, and identifies its main directions, opportunities, and risks. The article also provides recommendations on how artificial intelligence can be utilized in the tourism industry.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Smart Tourism, Georgia.

JEL Classification: O3; O31

GREEN TRANSFORMATION IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY: GLOBAL TRENDS AND CHALLENGES

Maia Azmaiparashvili — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Maia Azmaiparashvili

E-mail: maiaazmaiparashvili@gmail.com

Associate Professor, Gori State University

Gori, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-5463

Abstract: Sustainability is no longer an optional consideration for the hospitality industry – it has become a must-have for the tourism business. The call for sustainable practices has never been louder than it is today. The UN report “Towards a Green Economy” notes that tourism is one of the most powerful drivers of sustainable growth in the global economy. Tourism can play a significant role in the fight against climate change, as part of its broader commitment to sustainable development. On one side of the tourism and hospitality phenomenon, there is a strong need to generate income and jobs, while on the other side, it is important to minimize the negative environmental impacts. Green practices create a competitive advantage for the tourism and hospitality business in terms of cost optimization, innovative service offerings, operational management efficiency, the introduction of smart technologies, customer attraction and many other processes. The subject of the research of the paper is the integration of sustainability into business models, the introduction of circular practices in the hotel business. The paper presents real examples of green practices in the field of hospitality, which highlight the trends and strategies of transformation. The challenges of the ecological economy facing the hospitality industry, complex problems of negative environmental impact were identified. We discussed the green skills of sustainable use of environmental resources, the determinants of sustainability, and new market opportunities. Recommendations are presented to strengthen green economic development, which will help the hospitality industry to occupy a position of a reliable player in the era of digital technologies in global and local markets. Research shows that hotels in Georgia are increasingly considering the issues of implementing green practices in their business models and strategies, although from a practical point of view the industry is not clearly oriented towards a sustainable trend.

Keywords: Green transformation, sustainable, hospitality industry.

JEL classification: Z32, Q01, Q56.

MECHANISMS FOR ENHANCING STAFF SATISFACTION AND LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM

Teona Chachua — Mon, 15 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Teona Chachua

E-mail: teona.chachua@tsu.ge

PhD Candidate, Tbilisi State University

Tbilisi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6824-2878

Abstract. In the modern development of the education system, particular emphasis is placed on the effective management of human resources, which is closely related to improving staff satisfaction and labor productivity. In higher education institutions, where human capital is the core resource, employee motivation, professional development, and the quality of the working environment have a direct impact on both organizational outcomes and broader systemic results in education. Staff satisfaction refers to the degree to which employees receive adequate compensation, have opportunities for career advancement, and feel that their contributions are valued in achieving organizational success. According to various studies, job satisfaction significantly influences employee motivation and service quality.

One of the pressing issues in Georgia’s higher education system remains the inadequate compensation of personnel, often due to limited budgets and insufficient state funding. This is compounded by a lack of motivational mechanisms, which can lead to significant demotivation among administrative and support staff. Research conducted in Georgia indicates that low levels of satisfaction frequently result in employee turnover, either to the private sector or abroad. Labor productivity in higher education can be evaluated using several indicators, such as the effectiveness of the teaching process, student outcomes, the number of scientific publications and projects, and staff involvement in international programs. However, Georgia still lacks a unified and transparent system for assessing labor productivity. This creates a risk of subjectivity and frequently relies solely on formal criteria, which do not adequately reflect real work contributions or substantive engagement. Moreover, employees often face a high bureaucratic workload, which hinders their ability to focus on teaching and research. This is further exacerbated by insufficient technical support and a lack of modern infrastructure.

Georgia’s higher education system requires a reform of human resource management that aligns staff satisfaction with labor productivity. Only through such alignment will it be possible to enhance the quality of education, foster innovation, and ensure that personnel are fully engaged with organizational objectives. An analysis of the current situation and practical recommendations provides the foundation for systemic changes, including strategic planning and the improvement of the legal framework.

Conclusions and Recommendations - In response to the challenges outlined above, Georgia must implement mechanisms that enhance both motivation and performance. The following strategic directions can be identified:

Improving motivational systems – including financial incentives, bonuses, funding for professional development, and comprehensive social benefit packages;
Enhancing the working environment – ensuring reasonable workloads, technical support, and comfortable conditions;
Expanding professional development opportunities – such as training, seminars, internship programs abroad, and academic mobility;
Promoting transparent communication – improving relations between management and staff and involving employees in decision-making processes;
Developing an objective evaluation system – establishing multi-level criteria for assessing labor productivity, incorporating student feedback, research contributions, and organizational engagement.

Keywords: higher education system, staff satisfaction, labor productivity, improvement of the working environment, professional development opportunities

THE EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ON EMPLOYMENT: IMBALANCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS

Ana Kvatchadze — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Ana Kvatchadze

E-mail: anakvachadze1993@gmail.com

PhD Student, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4475-6709

Abstract. The process of globalization has significantly transformed the labor market and modern practices of Human Resource Management (HRM). These changes are multifaceted, encompassing both positive developments and serious systemic challenges. On the one hand, globalization has stimulated the growth of innovative sectors, enhanced international cooperation, facilitated knowledge exchange, and increased labor mobility. As a result, the competitive environment has intensified, compelling organizations to adopt more flexible, technologically advanced, and human-centered HR strategies.

On the other hand, globalization has exposed a range of difficulties within existing systems, particularly in small, developing, and transition economies such as Georgia. The labor market increasingly faces skill mismatches, where the qualifications, competencies, and practical experience of the workforce do not align with the real demands of available positions. In addition, labor migration has emerged as a significant concern, leading to a shortage of qualified professionals in the local market. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of globalization on HRM policies and practices, focusing on critical aspects such as the transformation of recruitment processes, the introduction of new training and development models, alignment of compensation systems with international standards, enhancement of internal communication, cultural adaptation, and the evolution of modern leadership styles. The study is based on interviews with HR managers working in Georgian organizations, which allows for an in-depth exploration of local labor market challenges and trends from a first-hand professional perspective. The findings indicate that globalization not only increases opportunities for building a diverse workforce but also imposes substantial strategic responsibilities on organizations. In the modern HR environment, issues such as managing cultural diversity, shortages of digital competencies, labor mobility regulations, the need for technological integration, and growing pressure on employees’ working conditions are becoming more pronounced. Consequently, organizations must reconsider the strategic function of HRM in order to create sustainable, competitive, and innovative work environments. The results further emphasize that addressing the challenges associated with globalization requires coordinated efforts between the education system, the private sector, and the state. Such cooperation is essential for reducing skill mismatches, integrating vocational education, and optimizing the structural dynamics of the labor market. Therefore, effective management of these challenges in Georgia depends on the development of progressive HRM policies and the targeted strengthening of human capital.

Keywords: Globalization, Human Resource Management, Management, Global Strategy, Organizational Change.

JEL classification: E24

SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLE ADDICTED TO TELEPHONES (RESEARCH RESULTS)

Rusudan Beridze, Sopiko Shantadze — Thu, 18 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Rusudan Beridze

E-mail: r.beridze@bsu.edu.ge

Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-2815

Sopiko Shantadze

E-mail:Sofoshantadze123@gmail.com

Clinical psychologist, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Batumi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4830-3552

Abstract. The integration of digital technologies into modern life has significantly changed the ways people communicate, obtain information, and express themselves. The smartphone, as the most frequently used digital device, has become not only a technological tool but also a space for social interaction and identity formation (Elhai, Levine, Dvorak, & Hall, 2017).

Smartphone use is particularly intense among those aged 18 to 30, demonstrating the deep integration of this device into the daily lives of young people and young adults (Pe59pw Research Center, 2021).

Despite the communicative opportunities offered by the digital space, a growing body of research points to problematic smartphone use and its possible negative impact on psychological functioning. In particular, there is growing interest in phenomena such as low self-esteem, persistent social comparison, and digital forms of self-affirmation (Panova & Carbonell, 2018). This study focuses on the relationship between smartphone addiction and self-esteem and self-efficacy in individuals aged 18 to 30. Exploring these relationships is important for both theoretical understanding and the design of psychological interventions.

The present study aims to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction, self- esteem, and self-affirmation among individuals aged 18 to 30. As smartphones have become deeply embedded in everyday life, concerns have arisen about their psychological impact. This research addresses a significant theoretical issue: the potential mediating role of self- esteem in the relationship between smartphone addiction and self-affirmation.

A total of 60 participants completed standardized instruments, including the Smartphone Addiction Scale–Short Version (SAS-SV), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and a validated Georgian version of the Self-Affirmation Scale. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression models for mediation testing.

Findings revealed that higher smartphone addiction is negatively associated with self-esteem and positively related to self-affirmation. Regression analyses indicated that self-esteem mediates the relationship between smartphone addiction and self-affirmation. Additionally, age group comparisons (18–24 vs. 25–30) revealed subtle differences in these psychological factors.

The study provides practical implications for mental health professionals and educators, emphasizing the importance of interventions aimed at fostering internal self-worth and reducing overdependence on digital devices as a means of identity regulation.

Keywords: smartphone addiction, self-esteem, self-affirmation, mediation, young adults, psychological well-bein

JEL Classification: Y800

LEVEL OF SEXUAL EDUCATION AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE AGED 18-26

Davit Katamadze, Kristina Shakhpekian — Tue, 16 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Davit Katamadze

E-mail: datoqatamadze@gmail.com

Assistant Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University

Georgia, Batumi

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8815-1167

Kristina Shakhpekian

E-mail: Shax.qristina@gmail.com

Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, First year student of the specialty Clinical psychology

Georgia, Batumi

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4634-2715

Abstract. The level of sexual education plays an essential role in reproductive health as well as emotional, behavioral, and social well-being. Sexual education is particularly relevant among young people who mainly rely on informal sources such as the internet and social media, leading to misinformation, unrealistic expectations, and risky behaviors. The aim of this study was to assess the level of sexual education among young people aged 18–26. A 31-item anonymous questionnaire created by the author was administered to 50 participants (25 females, 25 males). Findings indicate that the overall level of knowledge is relatively high; however, significant gaps remain in crucial areas such as pregnancy risks associated with pre-ejaculate, mechanisms of hormonal contraception, sperm survival rates, and the inefficiency of withdrawal as a contraceptive method. Women demonstrated higher levels of theoretical knowledge, whereas men often presented misconceptions despite reporting sexual experience. The hypothesis that sexual education levels are low among young people was not supported. The findings highlight the need for structured and accessible sexual education programs.

Key words: sexual education, youth, reproductive health, STI, contraception

JEL classification: I120, I140

THE IMPACT OF THE LEADERSHIP MODEL ON THE SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF CORPORATE CULTURE IN ORGANIZATIONS IN GEORGIA

Abel Abesadze, Tsiuri Duruli — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Abel Abesadze

E-mail:abesadze.abiko@yahoo.com

PhD student, Eastern European University

Tbilisi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6076-4017

Tsiuri Duruli

E-mail: ts.duruli@gmail.com

Professor, Gori State University

Gori, Georgia

https://orcid.org//000-0001-6915-9771

Abstract. Corporate culture in Georgia is currently still in the stage of formation and development. One of the important challenges for the formation of an effective corporate culture is the presence of an authoritative leader who establishes a management style based on values and principles that are acceptable to society and are conducive to achieving the strategic goals of organizations and business entities.

The aim of the paper is to assess the influence of leadership and leadership models on the formation and development of corporate culture in organizations and business entities.

In general, there is no unified, developed methodology for using social technologies in the leadership model in Georgia, which is used to form the corporate culture of organizations and business entities.

It is important to change the organization's policies, procedures, structure and motivation in order to continue developing in the face of global changes.

Key words:leadership; leadership model; corporate culture; corporate management; organizations and business entities.

JEL classification: M000, M120

THE IMPACT OF JOB STRESS AND EMOTIONAL STATE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

Iasha Kutubidze, Teona Gogiashvili — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0400

Iasha Kutubidze

E-mail: i.kutubidze@gtu.ge

Professor, Georgian Technical University

Tbilisi, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9007-5208

Teona Gogiashvili

E-mail: gogiashviliteona2@gmail.com

PhD Students, Georgian Technical University

Gori, Georgia

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8194-0505

Abstract. This study aims to study the impact of work stress and employees' emotional state on work outcomes at both the individual and organizational levels. The paper is based on a theoretical and comparative analysis, which was carried out on the basis of a critical review of international scientific publications published in 2020–2025. The study consistently analyzes the main factors causing work stress, the role of emotional intelligence and emotional resilience, as well as their relationship with employees' work performance and organizational effectiveness.

The results of the study show that work stress is one of the strongest organizational factors that negatively affects employee productivity, reduces internal motivation and increases the level of job dissatisfaction. At the same time, it is established that the emotional state performs the function of a mediating mechanism between stress and work performance. In particular, a positive emotional background contributes to the growth of employee creativity, increased engagement and a high level of professional responsibility, while negative emotions lead to emotional exhaustion, professional burnout and a decrease in the effectiveness of the work process. The study also showed that the development of emotional intelligence and the presence of social support mechanisms in the organization significantly reduce the negative impact of stress and contribute to the formation of a positive work environment.

The conclusions of the paper emphasize that the psychological well-being of employees should be considered as one of the strategic priorities of organizational management. The implementation of an effective managerial policy, which includes the rational distribution of workload, strengthening collegial support, stimulating motivation and promoting emotional stability, is directly related to the increase in work efficiency and ensuring organizational sustainability.

The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the work offers organizations structured and substantiated approaches to strengthening the psychological safety of employees and effectively managing work stress. The theoretical significance is determined by the fact that the work systematically integrates the analysis of the relationship between work stress and emotional factors within the framework of modern scientific literature and contributes to a deeper understanding of this issue in the context of organizational behavior.

Key words: work stress, emotional state, emotional intelligence, work performance, organizational behavior.

JEL classification: M000, M590